The Golden Triangle (Burmese: ေရႊႀတိဂံ နယ္ေျမ, IPA: [ʃwè tɹḭɡàɴ nɛ̀mjè]; Thai: สามเหลี่ยมทองคำ, IPA: [sǎːm.lìəm.tʰɔːŋ.kʰam]; Lao: ສາມຫຼ່ຽມທອງຄຳ; Vietnamese: Tam giác Vàng; Chinese: 金三角; pinyin: jīn sān jiǎo) is one of Asia's two main opium-producing areas. It is an area of around 367,000 square miles (950,000 km2) that overlaps the mountains of three countries of Southeast Asia: Myanmar, Laos and Thailand. Along with Afghanistan in the Golden Crescent, it has been one of the most extensive opium-producing areas of Asia and of the world since the 1950s. Most of the world's heroin came from the Golden Triangle until the early 21st century when Afghanistan became the world's largest producer.[1] The Golden Triangle designates the confluence of the Ruak River and the Mekong River, since the term has been appropriated by the Thai tourist industry to describe the nearby border tripoint of Thailand, Laos and Myanmar.[clarification needed] Contents Production Trafficking See also References External links ProductionEdit Myanmar is the world's second largest producer of illicit opium, after Afghanistan[1] and has been a significant cog in the transnational drug trade since World War II.[2][3] According to the UNODC it is estimated that in 2005 there wеrе 167 square miles (430 km2) of opium cultivation in Myanmar.[4] The surrender of drug warlord Khun Sa's Mong Tai Army in January 1996 was hailed by Yangon as a major counter-narcotics success. Lack of government will and agility to take on major narcotrafficking groups and lack of serious commitment against money laundering continues to hinder the overall anti-drug effort. Most of the tribespeople growing the opium poppy in Myanmar and in the Thai highlands are living below the poverty line. In 1996, the United States Embassy in Rangoon released a "Country Commercial Guide", which states "Exports of opiates alone appear to be worth about as much as all legal exports." It goes on to say that investments in infrastructure and hotels are coming from major opiate-growing and opiate-exporting organizations and from those with close ties to these organizations.[5] A four-year investigation concluded that Myanmar Oil and Gas Enterprise (MOGE) was "the main channel for laundering the revenues of heroin produced and exported under the control of the Myanmar army." In a business deal signed with the French oil giant Total in 1992, and later joined by Unocal, MOGE received a payment of $15 million. "Despite the fact that MOGE has no assets besides the limited installments of its foreign partners and makes no profit, and that the Myanmar state never had the capacity to allocate any currency credit to MOGE, the Singapore bank accounts of this company have seen the transfer of hundreds of millions of US dollars," reports François Casanier. According to a confidential MOGE file reviewed by the investigators, funds exceeding $60 million and originating from Myanmar's most renowned drug lord, Khun Sa, were channeled through the company. "Drug money is irrigating every economic activity in Myanmar, and big foreign partners are also seen by the SLORC as big shields for money laundering."[5] Banks in Rangoon offered money laundering for a 40% commission.[6] The main player in the country's drug market is the United Wa State Army, ethnic fighters who control areas along the country's eastern border with Thailand, part of the infamous Golden Triangle. The UWSA, an ally of Myanmar's ruling military junta, was once the militant arm of the Beijing-backed Burmese Communist Party. Poppy cultivation in the country decreased more than 80 percent from 1998 to 2006 following an eradication campaign in the Golden Triangle. Officials with the United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime say opium poppy farming is now expanding. The number of hectares used to grow the crops increased 29% in 2007. A United Nations report cites corruption, poverty and a lack of government control as causes for the jump.[7] TraffickingEdit Harvested poppy capsules. Opium and heroin base produced in northeastern Myanmar are transported by horse and donkey caravans to refineries along the Thailand–Burma border for conversion to heroin and heroin base. Most of the finished products are shipped across the border into various towns in North Thailand and down to Bangkok for further distribution to international markets. In the past major Thai Chinese and Burmese Chinese traffickers in Bangkok have controlled much of the foreign sales and movement of Southeast Asian heroin from Thailand, but a combination of law enforcement pressure, publicity and a regional drought has significantly reduced their role. As a consequence, many less-predominant traffickers in Bangkok and other parts of Thailand now control smaller quantities of the heroin going to international markets. Heroin from Southeast Asia is most frequently brought to the United States by couriers, typically Thai and U.S. nationals, travelling on commercial airlines. California and Hawaii are the primary U.S. entry points for Golden Triangle heroin, but small percentages of the drug are trafficked into New York City and Washington, D.C. While Southeast Asian groups have had success in trafficking heroin to the United States, they initially had difficulty arranging street level distribution. However, with the incarceration of Asian traffickers in American prisons during the 1970s, contacts between Asian and American prisoners developed. These contacts have allowed Southeast Asian traffickers access to gangs and organizations distributing heroin at the retail level.[8] In recent years, the production has shifted to Yaba and other forms of methamphetamine, including for export to the United States. The Chinese Muslim Panthay are the same ethnic group as the Muslims among the Chinese Chin Haw.[9] Both are descendants of Chinese Hui Muslim immigrants from Yunnan province in China. They often work with each other in the Golden Triangle Drug Trade. Both Chinese Muslim and non-Muslim Jeen Haw and Panthay are known to be members of Triad secret societies, working with other Chinese groups in Thailand like the TeoChiew and Hakka and the 14K Triad. They engaged in the heroin trade. Ma Hseuh-fu, from Yunnan province, was one of the most prominent Jeen Haw heroin drug lords. His other professions included trading in tea and a hotelier.[10] A Panthay from Burma, Ma Zhengwen, assisted the Han Chinese drug lord Khun Sa in selling his heroin in north Thailand.[11] The Panthay monopolized opium trafficking in Burma.[12] They also created secret drug routes to reach the international market with contacts to smuggle drugs from Burma via south China.[13] See alsoEdit The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia Allegations of CIA drug trafficking Bank of Credit and Commerce International Nugan Hand Bank First and Second Opium War Opium production in Afghanistan Ike Atkinson, a former US Army sergeant and convicted drug trafficker, thought to have been a major figure in smuggling heroin into the United States from about 1968 to 1975. Anthony Poshepny US Army officer who accused the Laotian Major General Vang Pao of using the war, and CIA assets, to enrich himself through the opium trade. Buddha's Lost Children, a documentary film about a Buddhist monk helping orphaned children in the Golden Triangle area o

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Full name Wayne Mark Rooney[1] Date of birth 24 October 1985 (age 29) Place of birth Croxteth, Liverpool, England Height 1.76 m (5 ft 9 in)[2] Playing position Forward/Attacking Midfielder Club information Current team Manchester United Number 10 Youth career 1996–2002 Everton Senior career* Years Team Apps† (Gls)† 2002–2004 Everton 67 (15) 2004– Manchester United 316 (162[3]) National team‡ 2000–2001 England U15 4 (2) 2001–2002 England U17 12 (7) 2002–2003 England U19 1 (0) 2003– England 101 (46) * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 20:23, 22 November 2014 (UTC). † Appearances (Goals). ‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 21:55 18 November 2014 (UTC) Wayne Mark Rooney /ˈruːni/ (born 24 October 1985) is an English footballer who plays for and captains both Manchester United and the England national team. He commonly plays as a forward. Aged nine, Rooney joined the youth team of Everton, for whom he made his professional début in 2002 at the age of 16. He spent two seasons at the Merseyside club, before moving to Manchester United for £25.6 million in the 2004 summer transfer window. Since then, with Rooney in the team, United have won the Premier League five times, the UEFA Champions League once, the FIFA Club World Cup once and the League Cup twice. In September 2013, Rooney scored his 200th goal for United. He is currently on 219 goals,[4] making him the club's third-highest goalscorer of all time.[5] Rooney made his senior international debut in February 2003 aged 17, becoming the youngest player to represent England (a record since broken by Theo Walcott) and he is England's youngest ever goalscorer.[6] He played at UEFA Euro 2004 and scored four goals, briefly becoming the youngest goalscorer in the history of the European Championship. Rooney has since featured at the 2006, 2010 and 2014 World Cups and is widely regarded as his country's best player.[7][8][9][10] He has won the England Player of the Year award twice, in 2008 and 2009. As of November 2014, he has won 101 international caps and scored 46 goals, making him England's ninth most-capped player and third-highest goalscorer in history. Along with David Beckham, Rooney is the most red carded player for England, having been sent off twice. In 2009–10, Rooney was awarded the PFA Players' Player of the Year and the FWA Footballer of the Year. He has won the Premier League Player of the Month award five times, a record he shares with Steven Gerrard. He came fifth in the vote for the 2011 FIFA Ballon d'Or and was named in the FIFPro World 11 for 2011. Rooney has won the 'Goal of the Season' award by the BBC's Match of the Day poll on three occasions, with his bicycle kick against rivals Manchester City winning the 'Premier League Goal of the 20 Seasons' award.[11] A March 2012 report listed Rooney as the fifth highest-paid player in the world, with an annual income of $32.6 million.[12]

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